It summarizes the facts regarding Abu Zubaydah and his resistance to interrogation, as related by the CIA. U.S. Southern Command advised governments in Latin America that the manuals contained passages that did not represent U.S. government policy, and pursued recovery of the manuals from the governments and some individual students. The first manual, "KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation", dated July 1963, is the source of much of the material in the second manual. There are multiple possible methods of interrogation including deception, torture, increasing suggestibility, and using mind-altering drugs. It is exploitation, not specifically interrogation. In 1997, two additional CIA manuals were declassified in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed by The Baltimore Sun. Interrogation and the Interrogator. Failure to cooperate, the al-Qaida manuals revealed, carried no penalties and certainly no risk of torture—a sign, gloated the manuals, of American weakness. [14], Between 1984 and 1985, after congressional committees began questioning training techniques being used by the CIA in Latin America, the 1983 manual went through substantial revision. At best it can help readers to avoid the charactt. Handwritten changes were also introduced haphazardly into the text. The U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals are seven controversial military training manuals which were declassified by the Pentagon in 1996. Interrogation is the art of questioning and examining a source to obtain the maximum amount of … Only three pieces of information can be surrendered: name, rank and serial number. Resistance to interrogation, RTI or R2I is a type of military training to British and other NATO soldiers to prepare them, after capture by the enemy, to resist interrogation techniques such as humiliation and torture. CIA Assassin and torture Manual s [back] Assassinations [back] Torture. Today’s interrogators train in communication, human behavioural science, and legal procedures. This report provides a comprehensive review of HIG-funded research and other science relevant to The trainees undergo practices such as hooding, sleep deprivation, time disorientation, prolonged nakedness, sexual humiliation and deprivation of warmth, water and food. • All accredited 000 SERE training included the provision in their It summarizes the facts regarding Abu Zubaydah and his resistance to interrogation, as related by the CIA. policy. It summarizes the various methods of physical and psychological coercion to be used by the CIA against Zubaydah. [5][6][7], The Pentagon press release accompanying the release stated that a 1991–92 investigation into the manuals concluded that "two dozen short passages in six of the manuals, which total 1169 pages, contained material that either was not or could be interpreted not to be consistent with U.S. Declassified Army and CIA Manuals Used in Latin America: An Analysis of Their Content On September 20, 1996, the Pentagon released to the public seven training manuals prepared by the U.S. military and used between 1987 and 1991 for intelligence training courses in Latin America and at the U.S. Army School of the Americas (SOA). Q2: So what have you done since 1995? Given the reality that the police are vicious bullies who frequently get false confessions, it is something that we should all know about. It discusses the background of Zubaydah and the possible mental effects from such techniques, the background of the consultant to be assisting, and the details of the proposed coercive … These techniques include prolonged constraint, prolonged exertion, extremes of heat, cold, or moisture, deprivation of food or sleep, disrupting routines, solitary confinement, threats of pain, deprivation of sensory stimuli, hypnosis, and use of drugs or placebos. The depicted SERE patch is said[citation needed] to have the following symbolic significance: the color green represents freedom; the patch is halved with a yellow strip to signify that survival, evasion, resistance and escape all require caution, with the knife the basic survival tool; the severed barbed wire represents captivity but freedom regained; the word tiger in Chinese (虎) alludes to the Here be dragons/tigers legend found on early maps; finally, the black surround ho… persuasion, resistance, priming and embodied cognition, and cognitive-based cues to deception. ", The Latin America Working Group criticized this: "The unstated aim of the manuals is to train Latin American militaries to identify and suppress anti-government movements. The manuals describe coercive techniques to be used "to induce psychological regression in the subject by bringing a superior outside force to bear on his will to resist." FM 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation Chapter 1 Interrogation and the Interrogator. They hone their skills through years of practice. techniques that they could lawfully use to overcome detainee resistance to interrogation and sought legal counsel to do so.18 A 2002 memo from the Department of Justice (DOJ ) to the CIA 13 P.L. deny the detainee the opportunity to communicate with other detainees in order to keep him from learning counter-resistance techniques or gathering new information to support a cover story [which should decrease] the detainee’s resistance to interrogation. Suspects should be held incommunicado and should be deprived of any kind of normal routine in eating and sleeping. For example, "While we do not stress the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them and the proper way to use them", has been altered to, "While we deplore the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them so that you may avoid them." Instead, the manuals provide detailed techniques for infiltrating social movements, interrogating suspects, surveillance, maintaining military secrecy, recruiting and retaining spies, and controlling the population. Separation, further described in paragraphs M-2 and M-28, is the only restricted interrogation technique that may be authorized for use. The capabilities and limitations of interrogation. This is the oldest manual, and describes the use of abusive techniques, as exemplified by two references to the use of electric shock, in addition to use of threats and fear, sensory deprivation, and isolation. Joe Martin—a crack interrogator who discovered that a top al-Qaida leader, whom Pakistan claimed to have in custody, was still at large and directing the Afghani resistance—explains the psychological effect of stress: “Let’s say a detainee comes into the interrogation booth and he’s had resistance training. (U) Based on the data collected during 0 r DoD Level C SERE Schools site visits, e found that the Memo requirements were met. These manuals recommend arresting suspects early in the morning by surprise, blindfolding them, and stripping them naked. While the excerpts released by the Pentagon are a useful and not misleading selection of the most egregious passages, the ones most clearly advocating torture, execution and blackmail, they do not provide adequate insight into the manuals' highly objectionable framework. Resistance to interrogation is not taught at school. The manuals in question have been referred to by various media sources as the "torture manuals". Standard RTI for most special military branches of American and European governments covers both tortures that are condemned by the United Nations and interrogation techniques that are considered legitimate, usually presented along a sliding scale. [11], The same manual states the importance of knowing local laws regarding detention but then notes, "Illegal detention always requires prior HQS [headquarters] approval." And better you cooperate, because if you don't, we're going to bring them in and rape them and torture them and kill them." To the extent that this research is relevant to an interrogation, it is included in this report. In 1985 a page advising against using coercive techniques was inserted at the front of Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual. Manual sets forth basic principles of interrogation doctrine and procedures and techniques applicable to Army intelligence interrogations. This manual is about interrogation operations. The psychology of effective police interrogation is complex. The Guardian has reported that according to a former British special forces officer, the acts committed by the soldiers who committed torture and prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib resembled the techniques used in RTI training. Both manuals deal exclusively with interrogation. (p. A-2) But the entire chapter on coercive techniques is still provided with some items crossed out. The trainees undergo practices such as hooding, sleep deprivation, time disorientation, prolonged nakedness, sexual humiliation and deprivation of warmth, water and … : risiic miatake s of poor interrogator s4 Ito purpose io to provide guidelines for KUBARK interrogation, and particularly the cou.nter:intelligence interrogation of resistant sources. In 1983, Caballero attended a CIA "human resources exploitation or interrogation course," according to declassified testimony by Richard Stolz, who was the deputy director for operations at the time, before the June 1988 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The history of this program reveals its true nature, and it has nothing to do with professional interrogation. ", After this 1992 investigation, the Department of Defense discontinued the use of the manuals, directed their recovery to the extent practicable, and destroyed the copies in the field. (p. B-2), The two manuals were completely declassified and released to the public in May 2004, and are now available online. We obtained more information — and more reliable information — … The results of this research were employed both defensively by the military in an effort to “inoculate” U.S. soldiers in its SERE schools and offensively by the CIA in its 1963 counterintelligence interrogation manual. Some of the al-Qaida fighters had received resistance training, which taught that Americans were strictly limited in how they could question prisoners. Throughout the eleven hundred pages of the manuals, there are few mentions of democracy, human rights, or the rule of law. The cryptonym KUBARK appears in the title of a 1963 CIA document KUBARK Counterintelligence KUBARK was a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency cryptonym for the CIA itself. But regardless of how smooth-talking a detective may be, the secret to success in securing admissible confessions will always lie in being a good listener, mentally … [10] The cryptonym KUBARK appears in the title of a 1963 CIA document KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation which describes interrogation techniques, including, among other things, "coercive counterintelligence interrogation of resistant sources". Resistance training is often a prerequisite for some military personnel since prisoners of war (POWs) routinely undergo interrogation.. Movement for increased recording of interrogations in the US. 34-52: FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation. It summarizes the various methods of physical and psychological coercion to be used by the CIA against Zubaydah. [10], The second manual, "Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual – 1983", was used in at least seven U.S. training courses conducted in Latin American countries, including Honduras, between 1982 and 1987. Caballero said CIA instructors taught him to discover what his prisoners loved and what they hated, "If a person did not like cockroaches, then that person might be more cooperative if there were cockroaches running around the room"[11] The methods taught in the 1983 manual and those used by Battalion 3-16 in the early 1980s show unmistakable similarities. In such interrogation sessions, the subjects must maintain dead silence regardless of the practice being inflicted on them. "[citation needed], The manual gives the suggestion that prisoners be deprived of sleep and food, and made to maintain rigid positions, such as standing at attention for long periods. [6], On January 24, 1997, KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation and Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983 were declassified in response to a FOIA request filed by the Baltimore Sun in 1994. The techniques devised in the system, called R2I - resistance to interrogation - match the crude exploitation and abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib jail in Baghdad. Some of the material was similar to the older CIA manuals described below. Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) or Code of Conduct­ related Techniques for Interrogation Purposes," June 17, 2009. … The manuals advise that torture techniques can backfire and that the threat of pain is often more effective than pain itself. All pretty standard stuff for a military context. Resistance to interrogation, RTI or R2I is a type of military training to British and other NATO soldiers to prepare them, after capture by the enemy, to resist interrogation techniques such as humiliation and torture . Army Field Manual No. Downloads: A new file has been added by TcCoVeN: FM 21-78 Prisoner of War Resistance Field Manual No. The use of these techniques is highly controversial and many people say that they are essentially methods of torture and illegal under the Geneva Convention. [1], Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract Training Organisation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resistance_to_interrogation&oldid=955053978, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 May 2020, at 18:22. resistance to interrogation. But as the Senate torture report makes clear, the policy was, in fact, the brainchild of two psychologist contractors previously employed by the U.S. Air Force's SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape) program. “What I think is important to note, as an ex-SERE Resistance to Interrogation instructor, is the focus of Jessen’s instruction. Soon after, the U.S. Army issued the FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation manual, which was used until September 2006, when it was superseded by FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations. [11], CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations, US Senate Report on CIA Detention and Interrogation Program, Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, "Fact Sheet Concerning Training Manuals Containing Materials Inconsistent With U.S. Policy From the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense/Public Affairs Office", "Pentagon admits use of torture manuals: training books used for Latin Americans at Ft. Benning school", "Torture report: CIA interrogations chief was involved in Latin American torture camps", "Roots of Abu Ghraib in CIA Techniques: 50 Years of Refining, Teaching Torture Found in Interrogation Manuals", "U.S. Interrogation rooms should be windowless, soundproof, dark and without toilets. 21-78 30 December 1981 This field manual provides guidance to Army personnel in applying techniques of resistance to interrogation, indoctrination, and exploitation, and in responding to prisoner-of-war management procedures should they … In the name of defending democracy, the manuals advocate profoundly undemocratic methods. Many of these techniques are against international law if used in interrogations. ... for diminishing resistance, for contradictions, or other tendencies, to include susceptibility. The Manual indicates that the purpose of both varieties of Separation is to. My involvement with the subject started in the military in 1995, when I began to learn a set of skills revolving around prisoner handling. [2][3][4][5], These manuals were prepared by the U.S. military and used between 1987 and 1991 for intelligence training courses at the U.S. Army School of the Americas (SOA). [8] Notably, David Addington and Dick Cheney retained personal copies of the training manuals.[9]. Resistance training is often a prerequisite for some personnel since prisoners of war (POWs) routinely undergo military interrogation.. Interrogation Techniques [edit | edit source]. Ines Consuelo Murillo, who spent 78 days in Battalion 3-16's secret jails in 1983, said she was given no food or water for days, and one of her captors entered her room every 10 minutes and poured water over her head to keep her from sleeping. Manuals KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation This 127-page report, classified Secret, was drafted in July 1963 as a comprehensive guide for training interrogators in the art of obtaining intelligence from "resistant sources." Perhaps it should be. Currently, there is a movement for mandatory electronic recording of all custodial interrogations in the United States. KUBARK--a CIA codename for itself--describes the qualifications of a … [11][15], In the June 11 to 18, 1995 four-part series, The Baltimore Sun printed excerpts of an interview with Florencio Caballero, a former member of Battalion 3-16. [10], In 1983, the Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual – 1983 methods were used by the U.S.-trained Honduran Battalion 3-16. This manual cannot te.ach anyone how to De, or become, a good interrogator. 14 CIA Comments, Conclusion Section, Conclusion 1, p. 1. [11], The Baltimore Sun reported that former Battalion 3-16 member Jose Barrera said he was taught interrogation methods by U.S. instructors in 1983: "The first thing we would say is that we know your mother, your younger brother. The manual advises an interrogator to "manipulate the subject's environment, to create unpleasant or intolerable situations. These are the approved methods of interrogation taught by SERE – U.S. military training program (survival, evasion, resistance, escape). The CIA in 1960s and early 1980s published interrogation manuals that described various coercive techniques that might elicit information such as “threats and fear,” “pain” and “debility.” Some of these manuals were subsequently amended to state that certain practices were both illegal and immoral. [11], The "Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual -- 1983" gives the suggestion that interrogators show the prisoner letters from home to give the prisoner the impression that the prisoner's relatives are in danger or suffering. These included: tactical questioning, interrogation, resistance to interrogation and conduct after capture. The documents were released only after the Baltimore Sun had threatened to sue the CIA. The Baltimore Sun was investigating "kidnapping, torture and murder" committed by the Honduran Battalion 3-16 death squad. Both the subjects and the practitioner have a right to insist for a return to unit every hour. It is exploitation, not specifically interrogation. Even when working with such elite troops as the US Special Forces and the British SAS, we found that the standard interrogation techniques found in the US Army Field Manual 34–52 were far more effective than such abusive behavior as stress positions, sensory deprivation, and humiliation. Instructed Latins On Executions, Torture; Manuals Used 1982–91, Pentagon Reveals", "The 13 people who made torture possible", "Torture was taught by CIA; Declassified manual details the methods used in Honduras; Agency denials refuted", "CIA, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual – 1983", "CIA, KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963", "Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation", "Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual – 1983", "KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation – July 1963", Fact Sheet Concerning Training Manuals Containing Materials Inconsistent With U.S. Policy, State Department page referring to KUBARK stations, When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty, Former envoy to Honduras says he did what he could, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_and_CIA_interrogation_manuals&oldid=994648157, Publications of the United States government, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Guerra Revolucionaria e Ideología Comunista, This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 20:19. [12][13] Both manuals have an entire chapter devoted to "coercive techniques". We are told from time to time that if you have done nothing wrong you have nothing to fear. For instance, a soldier would be subjected to slight discomforts before being subjected to more torturous techniques. “What I think is important to note, as an ex-SERE Resistance to Interrogation instructor, is the focus of Jessen’s instruction. 107-40. Includes a prohibition againts the use of force, mental torture, threats, insults, or exposure to unpleasant and inhumane treatment of any kind. According to a declassified 1989 report prepared for the Senate intelligence committee, the 1983 manual was developed from notes of a CIA interrogation course in Honduras.[11]. The manuals were also distributed by Special Forces Mobile Training Teams to military personnel and intelligence schools in Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru and Venezuela. Designed as au aid for

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